AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
Elevated Serum CTRP12 (Adipoline) Level in Army Air Defense Personnel: A Case-Control Study
1
6
FA
Masoomeh
Gorgani-Firuzjah
Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Taft Branch, Yazd, Iran
N
Sattar
Gorgani-Firuzjaee
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
s.gorgani@ajaums.ac.ir
Y
Introduction: Several parameters including induced inflammation by immune system, overgrowth of adipose tissue, and hypertrophied adipocytes lead to dyslipidemia, imbalanced proinflammatory, and antiinflammatory adipokines secretion. According to the adipokines expression in various pathological conditions like obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases, adipokines as biomarkers are very important in diagnosis and managment. CTRP-12 (adipoline) is a member of CTRP family expressed abundantly in adipose tissue. Previous studies showed that adipoline can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic disease such as obesity, Type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. According to our knowledge, there is not any available report about adipoline changes in military society. In the current study, the relationship between serum levels of adipoline and metabolic factors such as lipid profile and glucose have been investigated in both military and non-military population.
Methods and Materials: In this study, 40 army air defense personnel and 40 governmental officers were randomly selected considering their age and sex. Serum level CTRP-12 was analyzed by ELISA. In addition, glucose and lipid profiles were measured in serum using an
auto analyzer.
Results: Higher level of CTRA-12 was observed in army air defense personnel compared to the control group. CTRP-12 plasma levels had significant negative correlation with fasting glucose (P< 0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed higher values of CTRP-12 in the Army air defense personnel. This result may be due to their active lifestyle and higher physical activity.
References
1. Maleki R, Mostafazadeh M, Nazari Sharif H, Rahim Nejad S, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Air Guard Forces of Iran Army. Paramedical Sciences and Military Health 2016;11(1):8-16.
2. Khodabandehloo H, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S, Panahi G, Meshkani R. Molecular and cellular mechanisms linking inflammation to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Translational Research. 2016;167(1):228-56.
3. Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance–a mini-review. Gerontology 2009;55(4):379-86.
4. Ma K, Cabrero A, Saha PK, Kojima H, Li L, Chang BH-J, et al. Increased β-oxidation but no insulin resistance or glucose intolerance in mice lacking adiponectin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002;277(38):34658-61.
5. Nawrocki AR, Rajala MW, Tomas E, Pajvani UB, Saha AK, Trumbauer ME, et al. Mice lacking adiponectin show decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduced responsiveness to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006;281(5):2654-60.
6. Williams GA, Wang Y, Callon KE, Watson M, Lin J-m, Lam JB, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of adiponectin on bone. Endocrinology 2009;150(8):3603-10.
7. Schäffler A, Buechler C. CTRP family: linking immunity to metabolism. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2012;23(4):194-204.
8. Wei Z, Peterson JM, Wong GW. Metabolic Regulation by C1q/TNF-related Protein-13 (CTRP13) ACTIVATION OF AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE AND SUPPRESSION OF FATTY ACID-INDUCED JNK SIGNALING. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011;286(18):15652-65.
9. Jeon JH, Kim K-y, Kim JH, Baek A, Cho H, Lee YH, et al. A novel adipokine CTRP1 stimulates aldosterone production. The FASEB Journal 2008;22(5):1502-11.
10. Enomoto T, Ohashi K, Shibata R, Higuchi A, Maruyama S, Izumiya Y, et al. Adipolin/C1qdc2/CTRP12 protein functions as an adipokine that improves glucose metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011;286(40):34552-8.
11. Wei Z, Peterson JM, Lei X, Cebotaru L, Wolfgang MJ, Baldeviano GC, et al. C1q/TNF-related protein-12 (CTRP12), a novel adipokine that improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2012;287(13):10301-15.
12. Tan BK, Lewandowski KC, O'Hare JP, Randeva HS. Insulin regulates the novel adipokine adipolin/CTRP12: in vivo and ex vivo effects. Journal of Endocrinology 2014;221(1):111-9.
13. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW, Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003;112(12):1796-808.
14. Beutler B. Innate immunity: an overview. Molecular immunology 2004;40(12):845-59.
15. Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Garg R. Metabolic syndrome a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation 2005;111(11):1448-54.
16. Bai B, Ban B, Liu Z, Zhang MM, Tan BK, Chen J. Circulating C1q complement/TNF-related protein (CTRP) 1, CTRP9, CTRP12 and CTRP13 concentrations in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: In vivo regulation by glucose. PloS one 2017;12(2):e0172271.
17. Tan BK, Chen J, Adya R, Ramanjaneya M, Patel V, Randeva HS. Metformin increases the novel adipokine adipolin/CTRP12: role of the AMPK pathway. Journal of Endocrinology 2013;219(2):101-8.
CTRP-12, Physical activity, Military personnel
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-107-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-107-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
The Effect of Military Occupational Stress on the Age Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases
7
11
FA
naser
khodaee ataloo
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Y
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the most common diseases among human society associated with high mortality. Stress plays a significant role in many diseases. Occupational stress is a risk factor of heart disease and increases the prevalence of coronary heart disease. Military personnel have a stressful job compared to other common jobs. In the current study, the incidence of coronary heart disease have been studied and compared between military and nonmilitary personnel.
Methods and Materials: Data of 3860 military and nonmilitary patients who underwent coronary bypass graft surgery (CBGS) during 7 past years in the military hospitals were collected and analyzed. Several factors such as age, weight, height, and body mass index were compared between both groups.
Results: The results indicated that the average age of coronary heart disease involvement was significantly lower in military than nonmilitary patients. Moreover, the military average weight was significantly higher and average body mass index was lower comparing nonmilitary patients.
Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that military occupational stress increase coronary heart disease.
References
1. Bortkiewicz A, et al. Work-related risk factors of myocardial infarction. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2010; 23(3): 255-65.
2. Jeon W, Lee H, Cho J. Analysis of Job Stress, Psychosocial Stress and Fatigue among Korean Police Officers. Iran J Public Health 2014;43(5):687-8.
3. Consoli SM. Occupational stress and myocardial infarction. Presse Med 2015.
4. Chandola T, et al. Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J 2008; 29(5):640-8.
5. Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A. Work stress, socioeconomic status and neuroendocrine activation over the working day. Soc Sci Med 2004;58(8):1523-30.
6. Vrijkotte TG, Van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Hypertension 2000;35(4):880-6.
7. Theorell T. Stress at work and risk of myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J 1986;62(730):791-5.
8. Lee T. The Most and Least Stressful Jobs of 2014. THE WALL STREET JOURNAL 2014.
9. Kivimäki M, Kawachi I. Work Stress as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2015;17(14):1-9.
10. Kensing K. The 10 Most Stressful Jobs of 2013. Available at: www.careercast.com
11. Heo YS, et al. Job stress as a risk factor for absences among manual workers: a 12-month follow-up study. Ind Health 2015.
12. Kang MG, et al. Job stress and cardiovascular risk factors in male workers. Prev Med 2005;40(5):583-8.
13. Barry AE, Whiteman SD, MacDermid Wadsworth SM. Implications of posttraumatic stress among military-affiliated and civilian students. J Am Coll Health 2012;60(8):562-73.
14. Everson-Rose SA, Lewis TT. Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Annu Rev Public Health 2005;26: 469-500.
15. Despres JP. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: weight loss is not the only target. Can J Cardiol 2015;31(2):216-22.
16. Jokinen E. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Minerva Pediatr 2015;67(1): 25-32.
17. Seimon RV, et al. Changes in body weight and pulse: outcome events in overweight and obese subjects with cardiovascular disease in the SCOUT trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015;39(5):849-57.
18. Li S, et al. BMI and waist circumference are associated with impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes in normal weight Chinese adults. J Diabetes Complications 2014;28(4):470-6.
19. Corrada MM, Paganini-Hill A. Being overweight in adults aged 70-75 is associated with a reduction in mortality risk compared with normal BMI. Evid Based Med 2010;15(4):126-7.
20. Gomez-Ambrosi J, et al. Body adiposity and type 2 diabetes: increased risk with a high body fat percentage even having a normal BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(7):1439-44.
Military personnel, Job stress, Coronary heart disease
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
Effect of Perceptual-Motor Training on Static Balance in Mentally Retarded Children
12
17
FA
ali
roshandel hesari
Department of Sport Pathology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
ali.roshandel1992@yahoo.com
Y
Mohammad Hosein
Daneshi Nejad
Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Military University of Imam Ali. Tehran, Iran.
Daneshi1395mohammad@gmail.com
N
Maryam
Jafari
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bojnord Medical University, North Khorasan, Iran.
Maryam.jafari7171@gmail.com
N
Introduction: Mentally retarded children have physically less ability compared to their normal counterparts. Regarding the fact that psychomotor exercises may greatly improve such a condition, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of psychomotor exercises upon the static balance of mentally retarded students in North khorasan.
Methods and Materials: In the current study, 16 mentally retarded boy students were assigned to two eight-member namely study groups and control group. Participants conducted psychomotor exercises during 8 weeks. Each week included 3 sessions about 60 minutes. Standing on one leg test was used to measure the balance. This test was taken from both study and control groups before and after 8 weeks of psychomotor exercises in study group. Data were analyzed using independent t-test (p<0/05).
Results: The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between static balance and perceptual-motor training in mentally retarded children (p<0/05).
Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results, static balance of mentally retarded children may significantly improve because of the aforementioned exercises.
References
1. Jensen E. Minds with brain in the mind: NY: ASCD. 2002 ;11: 20-11.
2. Emarati F, Namazizadeh M, Mokhtari P, Mohamadian F. The effect of growth selected primary school games perceptual-motor and social development of girls 8-9 years. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2011; 5:661-73.
3. Colman A. M. The dictionary of psychology. Oxford university press. 2001.
4. Sharifidaramadi M, Parvizi S. Mentally retarded children on the balance of Psycho – Educational. 1nd ed. Publish Fadan. Tehran. 1379; P.89-12.
5. Venetsanou F, Kambas A. The effects of age and gender on balance skills in pre-school children. J Physical Education a Sport. 2011; 9(1): 81-90.
6. Roshandel hesari A, Tavakoli M. The effect of ankle injuries freestyle wrestlers and chookhe on static and dynamic balance. 3rd. International conference on sport science. Tehran, Iran; 2016. P. 213-205.
7. Yarmohammadian A. Psycho-Motor disorders and rehabilitation methods. In Press, Isfahan: Isfahan University Press. 2012.
8. Dupre E. Pathologie de limagination ET de lemotivite. Payot. 1925.
9. Luria El. Genesis of mind. Translation: Habib Qassim Zada (2004), Tehran: Jihad University Press. 1994; P. 124-95.
10. Sheykh M, Shahbazi M, Tahmasebi borujeni Sh. Measurement in Physical Education and Sport Sciences. 2nd ed. Publish book bamdad. Tehran. 2011;1:224-31.
11. Rajabi R, Samadi H. Corrective Exercises Laboratory. 2nd ed. Tehran University Press. Tehran. 2014; P. 17-250.
12. Roshandel hesari A, Sabbagh langarudi M, Nazari R. The Impact of an Exhaustive Exercise on Balance of Wrestlers with Flat Foot. 3rd. International conference on sport science. Tehran, Iran; 2016. P. 198-191.
13. Guidetti L, Franciosi E, Chiara M, Pietro Emerenziani G, Baldari C. Could sport specialization influence fitness and health of adults with mental retardation?. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2010; 31(5): 1070 – 1075.
14. Kubilay N, Yildirim Y, Kara B. Effect of balance training and posture exercises on functional level in mental retardation. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon. 2011; 22 (2): 55 – 6.
15. Manzaritavakoli M, Shojaei M. The effect of perceptual-motor training on dynamic balance mentally retarded children 7-11 years. 3rd. International conference on sport science. Tehran, Iran; 2016. P. 144-140.
Perceptual-motor training, Mentally retarded children, Static balance
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in factor 13 deficient patients with intracranial hemorrhage
18
23
FA
Majid
Naderi
Ali-Ebne Abitaleb Hospital, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
N
Ali
Noroozi-Aghideh
Hematology department, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
N
Zahra
Kashanikhatib
Hematology department, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
N
Akbar
Dorgalaleh
Hematology department, Allied Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
N
Shaban
Alizadeh
Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
alizadehs@tums.ac.ir
Y
Masoud
Soleimani
Hematology department, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
N
Introduction: Congenital factor XIII deficiency is an autosomal recessive rare bleeding disorder. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity and occurs in up to one-third of FXIII deficient patients. The mechanisms of ICH are not well understood. In this study, the association of ICH with plasma VEGF level in FXIII deficient patients was investigated.
Methods and Materials: This study was conducted on 30 FXIII-deficient patients including the 15 patients with ICH as case and 15 patients without ICH as control group. Patients with positive family history of FXIII deficiency, abnormal clot solubility test, as well as abnormal CT scan results were included in the study. The concentration of plasma VEGF was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software.
Results: There were no significant differences in terms of gender or age between the two groups.
Twelve and 2 patients had history of one and two bleedings, respectively, and only one patient had three bleeding times in his medical history. Intraparenchymal was the most common site of ICH, and remaining had subdural and epidural hemorrhages, respectively. Concentration of plasma VEGF was higher in case than control group, however this difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: This study showed that ICH occurrence is not associated with plasma VEGF levels in congenital factor XIII deficiency, and some other underlying factors, besides FXIII deficiency, may contribute in ICH occurrence in these patients.
Factor XIII deficiency, VEGF, Intracranial hemorrhage
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-108-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-108-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
Evaluating the Risk Factors of Type II Diabetes in Sabzevar
24
31
FA
Hanieh
Ershadi Moqadam
Department of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Sabzevar Branch , Sabzevar, Iran
N
Hadis
Barati
Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Sabzavar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
N
Zahra
Solimani
Department of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Sabzevar Branch , Sabzevar, Iran
N
Masoud
Mohammadi
Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
masoud.mohammadi1989@yahoo.com
Y
Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases associated with metabolism in humans. This study aimed to determine risk factors of diabetes in patients monitored by Sabzevar diabetics association.
Methods and Materials: This study was a cross-sectional study performed on 148 type II diabetics patients monitored by Sabzevar diabetics association in September 2016. The blood pressure blood glucose and body mass index were measured in the patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using T-test and Chi-square test.
Results: Based on the results, the mean age of patients were 53.6±11.8 years. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship among hypertension and education, age, and hyperlipidemia (P<0.05). Older and lower educated patients had more hypertension. Moreover, there is a significant relationship among hyperlipidemia and age, educational level, blood pressure, body mass index and diabetes (P<0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the lack of knowledge about risk factors for type II diabetes, findings of the current study can be beneficial for patients to prevent, treat and reduce the complications of diabetes.
Type II diabetes, Risk factors, Blood pressure, Obesity
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
Assessment of the Effective Doses for Radiosensitive Organs in Chest CT Scans with or without Using the Automatic Exposure Control System
32
38
FA
Daryoush Khorramian
Khorramian
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Daryoushkhoramian@gmail.com
Y
Soroush
Sistani
Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
N
Mahdi
Elahi
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
N
Salar
Bijari
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
N
Introduction: There are several techniques for reducing the delivered dose from CT scans such as the automatic exposure control (AEC). This technique regulates the tube current regarding the patient size and weight. The aim of this study was estimation the effective and equivalent dose for radiosensitive organs in women undergoing chest CT scans with or without AEC system using the patient’s CT dose index (CTDI) measurements.
Material and Methods: Exposure parameters were gathered from 54 women undergoing chest CT scan. 25 of these scans were performed using AEC and 29 of them were performed without AEC. CTDIs in the center and peripheral regions of the standard phantom were calculated using the exposure parameters. Weighted CTDI was also calculated and effective and equivalent organ doses were obtained using CT-Expo dose calculation software for two mentioned groups. In addition noise was measured for these two groups as an image quality parameter.
Results: Calculated weighted CTDIs were 9.94 mGy and 12.46 mGy using AEC and without using AEC, respectively. The effective doses were calculated based on the ICRP report number 103, and equaled to 5.4 miliSiverts and 6.3 miliSiverts using AEC and without using AEC, respectively. Maximum organ effective doses were 15, 14, 14 and 14 miliSiverts for breast, esophagus, lung and thymus respectively in the non-using AEC system imaging technique.
Discussion and Conclusion: Our measurements indicated a decrease about 15% in dose but an increase about 11.3% in noise using AEC system; however, this increase in noise was in the standard ranges regarding to the standard levels of the Hounsfield unit limits (±5 HU). Therefore, it can be concluded that using of AEC was an effective way for dose reduction in women undergoing chest CT.
Automatic exposure control, Computer Tomography, Chest CT scan, Dose reduction
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-120-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-120-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
Study the Effect of Gantry Tilting and Tube Voltage Reducing on the Eye Lens Dose Reduction in Computed Tomography Using MCNPx
39
49
FA
Seyed Salman
Zakariaee
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
N
Valiallah
Saba
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
vsaba@aut.ac.ir
Y
Abdollah
Valizadeh
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
N
Introduction: Eye lens is a very sensitive organ to the x-ray radiation and cataract could be formed as a result of eye exposure. Computed tomography (CT) is one of the main exposure sources in clinical situations and brain imaging delivers high amount of exposure to the eye lens. To reduce eye lens dose, efficient dose reduction methods have to be developed and implemented. In this paper, the efficiency of two methods including gantry tilting and kVp reduction, have been studied for eye lens dose reduction.
Methods and Materials: A 64-slice CT scanner was modeled to evaluate the eye lens dose in different scanning arrangements using MCNPx. To study the effect of kVp reduction and gantry tilting on the Lens dose magnitudes, three tube voltages including 100, 120 and 140 kVp and three gantry tilts including 0, 15 and 30 degrees were simulated and studied.
Results: The results showed that the lens dose considerably decreased by tube voltage decreasing and gantry tilt increasing.
Discussion and Conclusion: From the results, it could be concluded that low tube voltage and gantry tilting are effective and simple methods for lens dose reduction in CT scan.
Computer tomography, Lens dose reduction methods, Gantry tilt, X-ray tube voltage, Monte Carlo
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.pdf
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
12
1
2017
6
1
Medical Care in Air Transport for Traumatic Infants
50
56
FA
Mahtab
mahboobi
Department of Operational Room Technology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mahtabmahboobi87@gmail.com
N
Saeed
Babajani
Department of Operational Room Technology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
babajanisaeed@gmail.com
Y
Introduction: Due to the large number of accidents in Iran, infants need the rapid transport to the hospitals. Air transport is the fastest way to arrive these centers. There are differences in trauma management between infants and adults because of their different physiology and anatomy. This study aimed to survey air transport of traumatic infants.
Methods and Materials: This research is a review article that has been performed by searching related keywords in various data bases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed and SID and 2 relevant books in this field.
Results: The main medical care issues for infants air transport include: height, pressure, motion effects, sound and vibration, extubation and air leakage in the lung. At high altitude, O2 requirement increases, while relative pressure of oxygen decreases. Thus, babies are at risk of hypoxia. To prevent rapid diffusion of gases which increases the risk of pneumothorax and air embolism, taking off and landing should be slow. Increasing atmospheric pressure causes the gases to expand and these trapped gases cause Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) and intestinal obstruction. Therefore, Nasogastic Tube (NGT) must be embedded. Thoracentesis may be necessary to reduce air pressure. Pacifier should be used to equalize the pressure in the Eustachian tube during the landing. Ear protection should be used to minimize hearing damage. Matters should be used to minimize vibrations in the incubator and blindfolds used to reduce visual damage. The spine should be kept immobilized and the heating devices used to prevent hypothermia. In addition, Neonatal transmission teams should consist of a neonatologist, neonatal nurses and clinical guides certified and qualified in the field of neonate.
Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the fact that infants are the most vulnerable groups, special care is needed during the airlift. Regarding the lack of research on traumatic infants air transport in Iran, it seems to need more research in this area.
References
1. Soreide K.. Epidemiology of major trauma. Br J Surg 2009;96(7):697-8.
2. Essebag V, et al. Air medical transport of cardiac patients. Chest 2003;19:37-45.
3. Phillips M, et al, Helicopter transport effectiveness of patients for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Air Med J 2013;32(3):144-52.
4. Gearhart PA, Wuerz R, Localio AR. Cost-effectiveness analysis of helicopter EMS for trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med 1997;30(4):500-6.
5. Moghadam DA. Air medical transport. 2016; Available at: http://www.isem.ir/find.php?item=1.119.44.fa
6. Medical aspects of transportation aboard commercial aircraft. JAMA 1982;247(7):1007-11.
7. Khurana H, Mehta Y, Dubey S. Air medical transportation in India: Our experience. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2016;32(3):359-63.
8. Teitel D, Rudolph A. Perinatal oxygen delivery and cardiac function. Advances in pediatrics 1984;32:321-47.
9. Verklan M, Terese, Walden M. Core curriculum for neonatal intensive care nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014.
10. Fenton A, A. Leslie, Skeoch C. Optimising neonatal transfer. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2004;89(3):215-9.
11. Gajendragadkar G, et al. Mechanical vibration in neonatal transport: a randomized study of different mattresses. Journal of Perinatology 2000;20(5).
12. Bowman E, Roy R. Control of temperature during newborn transport: an old problem with new difficulties. Journal of paediatrics and child health 1997;33(5):398-401.
13. L'Herault J, Petroff L, Jeffrey DJ. The effectiveness of a thermal mattress in stabilizing and maintaining body temperature during the transport of very low (ndash) birth weight newborns. Applied Nursing Research 2001;14(4):210-9.
14. Johnson M, Owers J, Horwood P. Air transport of infants in Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1978;119(2):127.
15. Buckland L, et al. Excessive exposure of sick neonates to sound during transport. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2003;88(6):513-6.
16. Campbell AN, et al. Mechanical vibration and sound levels experienced in neonatal transport. American journal of diseases of children 1984;138(10):967-70.
17. Ciesielski S, Kopka J, Kidawa B. Incubator noise and vibration-possible iatrogenic influence on neonate. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 1980;1(4):309-16.
Air transport, Infants, Trauma
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.html
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.pdf