per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
1
5
article
Assessment of Entrance Skin Doses and Effective Dose for Common X-ray Diagnostic Examinations
Salar Bijari
1
Amin Banaei
aminabsp@gmail.com
2
Majid Kanani
3
Introduction: Nowadays, we are witnessing a progressive application of radiology techniques in various communities as well as in Iran. Medical radiological examinations are one of the important sources of public radiological dose. Entrance skin doses and effective doses for patients in diagnostic radiology examinations should be assessed for the imaging techniques optimization and patient’s radiation protection. Thus, the related radiation-protection organizations have recommended measuring the patient doses resulted from such techniques. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the patient doses in common radiographic examinations.
Methods and Materials: The eight most commonly radiology examinations were selected for dosimetry calculations after reviewing and analyzing radiology examination data at an imaging center over a 3-month period. 283 patients underwent eight radiography procedures containing Chest (PA), Pelvice (AP), Abdomen (AP), Skull (AP), Thoracic Spine (AP), Thoracic Spine (LAT), Lumbar Spine (AP) and, Lumbar Spine (LAT) were selected for dose measurements. Data of exposure parameters (kVp, mAs, FFD and projection) were collected in all 283 patients. ESD (Entrance Skin Dose) and effective dose values were calculated using the analytical formula and a software indirectly (PCXMC). In addition, they compared with published works and internationally established diagnostic reference levels.
Results: The average entrance skin dose (in mGy) and effective dose (in mSv) for the Chest (PA), Pelvice (AP), Abdomen (AP), Skull (AP), Thoracic Spine (AP), Thoracic Spine (LAT), Lumbar Spine (AP) and, Lumbar Spine (LAT) were (0.15-0.028), (5.4-0.87), (2.7-0.61), (2.2-0.05), (4.6-0.28), (5.1-0.20), (5.8-0.47), (6.2-0.30), respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion: As expected, the patient doses in radiology exams varied consumedly because it depends on many factors including the type of medical imaging systems, examination complexity, experience and skill of the operator, and patient’s weight. In radiology, it is possible to reduce patients’ effective dose using small field of views, appropriate potential difference and mAs. There is still a need for personnel training and national guidance on good
practice for optimizing of patients’ doses.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.pdf
Radiology examination
Effective dose
Entrance skin dose
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
6
11
article
The Relationship Between ABO Blood Groups and Cardiovascular Diseases
naser khodaee
1
Introduction: Genetically presence or absence of one series of carbohydrate molecules (as
an agglutinogen) on the red blood cells membranes are determine ABO blood group systems.
Studies showed that ABO blood groups are involved in pathogenesis of one human disorders
set such as cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in this study, the prevalence rates of cardiovascular
diseases were assessed in ABO blood groups.
Methods and Materials: The present study was performed among 3859 patients who
underwent cardio-surgery treatments. The main treatments included coronary artery bypass
graft (CABG), mitral and aortic valve replacement (MVR&AVR), atrium septum diseases and
ventricle septum diseases (ASD&VSD), pericarditis and aortic arch replacement.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence rate of CABG, MVR&AVR, ASD&VSD
diseases are significantly higher in AB and B Iranian blood groups than A and O blood groups.
On the other hand, the prevalence of pericarditis is high in O blood groups and these described
abnormalities were not seen in O RH negative blood groups.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf
Key words: Cardiovascular diseases
ABO blood groups
Prevalence
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
12
20
article
A Mathematical Head Phantom for Dosimetry Measurements by Monte Carlo Method
Seyed Salman Zakariaee
1
Valiallah Saba
2
AJA university of Medical Sciences
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Introduction: In diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, dosimetric studies are performed on the dosimetric systems in order to comply the radiation safety standards. Monte Carlo methods are used due to the high complexity and cost of patient-specific phantom construction. The high complexity of the digitized phantoms greatly increases the time and computational task of the Monte Carlo calculation. In many studies, all of the defined components and high precision of the voxelized phantom are not necessary and the study objectives could be achieved by a simple digital phantom modeling. In this study, an anatomic-based human head phantom was modeled considering the importance of the digitized phantoms for Monte Carlo dosimetry measurements.
Methods and Materials: In this study, the anthropomorphic head phantom was simulated using MCNPx (version 2.4.0). The proposed head phantom consist of the skull, brain, eyes, eye lens, facial bones, neck and skin that are modeled based on the atomic compositions and density magnitudes reported by ICRU report No. 44 and the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) reports.
Results: The visual and structural characteristics of the modeled head phantom in different cross-sectional views were evaluated by two scientific experts. For modeled phantom, integrity and compliance of the structural features with the actual human head were confirmed by the experts.Simulated phantom is flexible and upgradeable. According to study objectives, other tissues including tumors, the specific tissue of interest, and etc. could be added to the model.
Discussion and Conclusion: Pre-clinical dosimetric studies including the determination of dose to organ at risks in the diagnostic and therapeutic situations as well as the effect of shielding methods and imaging geometries in the image quality could be evaluated using the modeled phantom.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-87-en.pdf
Digitized phantom
Monte Carlo dosimetry
Mathematical head phantom
Anthropomorphic phantom
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
21
27
article
Effect of Resveratrol Treatment on Renal Function in Pyelonephritic Rats
Sattar Gorgani-Firuzjaee
1
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Introduction: Urinary tract infections are common causes of outpatient referrals to medical centers. Acute pyelonephritis is often treated by injectable antibiotics. Side effects, especially resistance to antibiotics, considered the use of non-antibiotic compounds. Resveratrol, which is found in grapes, is a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial as well. In this study, the effect of resveratrol was evaluated on renal function in pyelonephritis rats.
Methods and Materials: Pyelonephritis was induced by direct injection and surgical method ATCC25922 strain of E. Coli to the right kidney in 20 male Wistar rats. Induced urinary tract infection confirmed by urine culture. In addition, after 72 hours induction of pyelonephritis, rats treated with resveratrol (10 mg/kg) and ceftriaxone via intraperitoneal injection for a week. After 6 weeks, plasma markers of renal functions such as urea, creatinine, and cystatin C determined by Hitachi biochemistry auto-analyzer.
Results: Urea, creatinine, and cystatin C significantly increased in pyelonephritis which show the impaired renal function (P<0.001). Resveratrol treatment almost neutralizes and reduces the effects of pyelonephritis and the plasma markers effectively. Resveratrol and Ceftriaxone combination therapy probably via synergistic effects improved renal function more fectively (P<0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that resveratrol improved renal function of pyelonephritis rats. This study provides evidence that indicate an equal protective role of Resveratrol and ceftriaxone against pyelonephritis that induced kidney damages.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf
Pyelonephritis
Resveratrol and renal function
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
28
33
article
Effect of Harmine Alkaloid on the Expression of P16 and DAPK in HL60 Leukemia Cell Line
Ali Noroozi Aghide
1
Hamed Soleimani Samarkhazan
2
Moharam Ahmadnezhad
moharram.ahmadnejad@yahoo.com
3
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Tehran university of Medical Sciences
Blood Transmission Organization
Introduction: Epigenetic changes such as promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is one of the most important mechanisms involved in the development of hematologic malignancies. Harmine is one of the Harmal-derived alkaloids with anti-proliferatory effects on leukemia cell lines. Since P16 and DAPK genes are hypermethylated in some hematologic malignancies, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of Harmine on the expression of these two genes in HL60 Leukemia cell line to take steps towards clarifying the mechanism of it’s anti-proliferatory effect.
Methods and Materials: HL60 cells were seeded into 96 well plates containing RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin or streptomycin, and then incubated at 37°C in a humid environment at 5% CO2. Cell count and viability were determined after 24, 48, and 72 hours in the presence of Harmine and 5-azacytidine. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real time PCR. Finally, statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software.
Results: Based on the results, Harmine suppresses cell proliferation in all concentrations. Comparing the control group, Harmine at 25.6 µg/ml and 102.4 µg/ml concentrations reduces cell proliferation to 50 and 78 percent at 72 hours, respectively (P<0.001). The results demonstrate that Harmine at 102.4 µg/ml concentration significantly upregulates DAPK expression (P<0.005). However, its effect was not significant on p16 expression (P>0.05).
Discussin and Conclusion: The results indicate that Harmine have inhibitory effect on HL60 leukemia cell line in a dose and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, Harmine can induce DAPK upregulation that might be related to DAPK gene hypomethylation. Further comprehensive and elucidative investigations are needed for better understanding of the Harmine effect on leukemic cells.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf
HL60
Harmine
P16
DAPK
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
34
42
article
Radiation Protection of Patients in Cardiac CT Angiography
Amin Banaei
aminabsp@gmail.com
1
Salar Bijari
2
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Tarbiat Modares University
Introduction: Cardiac CT (Computed Tomography) angiography applies as a pre-exam method for evaluating the patients with medical problems in their cardiac arteries. Due to the high delivered dose in this imaging method, dose reduction techniques and imaging strategies that serve the images quality with minimum patient dose are the subjects for investigation and research studies. This study will evaluate and discuss the clinical aspects and dose reduction techniques in cardiac CT angiography briefly.
Methods and Materials: This research is theoretical and analytical method that was performed by searching “cardiac CT angiography, radiation protection, and patient’s dose reduction methods” key words in the Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus web sites in terms of content (Content Analysis). This article was written based on the 10 chosen articles which were found after the research in the internet web sites.
Results: Various applied techniques like tube current control using ECG (electrocardiogram), X-ray tube voltage reduction, scan sequence changing methods, greater detector coverage and working modes with higher pitches are available in cardiac CT angiography for reduction in the delivered dose to the patients.
Discussion and Conclusion: Several applied strategies are available for dose reduction in cardiac CT angiography in daily applications. Most of these dose reduction strategie which are useful in many patients can be used in most of the clinical cases. Nowadays, many of techniques using dose saving algorithms were presented commercially. It is very essential and important to adapt the scan protocol with any possible dose reduction strategy for every patient as mentioned in the American heart institute scientific meeting in 2008. Combination of several dose saving algorithms are usually feasible and cause to more effective dose reduction in cardiac CT angiography.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf
Cardiac CT Angiography
Radiation Protection
Dose Reduction Methods
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
43
51
article
An Overview of Different Types of Immune Stimulating Adjuvants and Their Application
Alireza Tahamtan
1
Javad Charostad
2
Seyyed Javad Hoseini Shokouh
3
Mohammad Barati
mbaratim@gmail.com
4
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
AJA university of Medical Sciences
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Introduction: Nowadays, vaccination is one of the most important methods for prevention and protection against infectious diseases and malignancies. Since the purpose of vaccination is strong and long term induction of immune response against pathogen, the usage of adjuvants that can boost the immune responses seems necessary.
Methods and Materials: This paper is a review article obtained by searching in related articles in reliable sites and books in this regard.
Results: In twentieth century, many immune system adjuvants have been discovered and largely used as an immune response booster to protect against diseases. Today, different types of adjuvants are provided with different characteristics for specific purposes. In recent years, extensive researches have been performed to provide and develop a variety of adjuvants with better quality and effectiveness.
Discussion and Conclusion: Few adjuvants have been licensed for using in human vaccines and the other adjuvants are evaluating in various stages of clinical trials or laboratory investigations. Given that the adjuvants are important part of vaccine development, we discuss the different type of them and their application in this review.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf
Adjuvants
Adjuvants application
Vaccine
Immune response induction
per
AJA university of medical sciences
Paramedical Sciences and Military Health
2423-7507
2538-3086
2016-12
11
3
52
57
article
Exercise hormone (Irisin)
Mehran Moghadamfar
m.moghadamfar28@gmail.com
1
Sattar Gorgani-Firuzjaee
gorgani59@gmail.com
2
AJA university of Medical Sciences
AJA university of Medical Sciences
Introduction: Almost 15% of world populations suffer from obesity. Obesity and insulin resistance are the key pathogenesis risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Exercise training can accelerate metabolism and help to prevent the obesity and diabetes through induction of Irisin and triggers conversion of white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue.
Methods and Materials: This review article has been performed by searching the Irisin, FN DC5, obesity and insulin resistance keywords in various databases such as SID, Google scholar, Magiran and Pubmed websites.
Results: The exercise increases the production of PGC-1α in the muscle. Previous studies demonstrated that PGC-1α up-regulates the production of FNDC5, which cleave and secrete an Irisin into blood circulation. Irisin (exercise hormone) is responsible for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) induction, which plays an important role through increasing heat generation and mitochondrial membrane induction of UCP1, increase heat generation via metabolism.
Discussion and Conclusion: Elevated Irisin production alleviate the obesity, glucose tolerance, and decreases insulin resistance. Although exercise increase Irisin and it increases brown adipocyte, it is unclear that why weight reduction cannot be seen with exercise. Bostrom et al., as research pioneers about Irisin, confirm a positive effect of Irisin on obesity and insulin resistance by inducing the group of mice to obesity, diabetes, and injecting FNDC5 to them.
http://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.pdf
Irisin
FNDC5
Obesity
Insulin resistance